About Myself: Alone Together Essay

1)Specifically, which essential focuses do you both comprehend and concur or differ with? In â€Å"Alone Together† Sherry Turkle clarifies the association among individuals and innovation. She discusses the energy of conversing with somebody through a PC; you can become anybody you need, and it likewise gives you the boldness to state anything you need. When you’re behind a PC, it’s simple to mention to somebody what you think. The equivalent goes for messaging. It’s so a lot simpler when you are frantic at somebody about something to message it to them as opposed to calling them. You can at present express your feelings, by utilizing smiley face or different appearances. You’re essentially demonstrating feelings through content informing. It may be helpful to send a brisk message to somebody as opposed to calling them. See more: Analysis of Starbucks espresso organization workers article I am one of the individuals that have given in such a great amount to innovation. I notice too that when my better half and I will contend about something; we will just content each other to and fro and take care of the issue that way. I think in that manner messaging is something worth being thankful for, on the grounds that as opposed to yelling or making statements you don't mean, you are messaging them so you have the opportunity to consider your words before you send the message. Most new telephones permit somebody to have their email and Facebook or other site, they utilize oftentimes connected to it. Each message would be sent to your PC presently goes to your telephone. So while that might be helpful here and there, it can likewise be discourteous when you’re with somebody. Kids don't invest their free energy playing a game. They go through hours playing computer games, riding the Internet or utilizing PDAs. She stated, â€Å"kids are out, however they are on their phones†(Turkle 155). Facebook, Skype, and writings have all become our standard of correspondence, and that is this generation’s wellspring of correspondence. She likewise clarifies how many individuals now can’t envision abandoning their gadgets, yet not many years prior, individuals were okay. On the off chance that innovation propelled that much over the most recent few years, envision how things will be later on. I see some comfort in everything, except I additionally observe steady innovation use as a terrible thing. Such huge numbers of individuals presently communicate through these gadgets as opposed to conversing with somebody. Furthermore, as advantageous as that may be to communicate something specific, I don’t think it is ideal. 2) Specifically, which major or minor focuses might you want to request that the creator explain? I need to find out about how individuals would incline toward a robot over a human relationship. Robots don't have sentiments and how does having a robot change how individuals feel. Why individuals can't avoid utilizing their telephones? How does innovation have a major influence in our lives? What can conversing with somebody vis-à-vis that an instant message can't do? In the event that innovation is evolving us, what are we turning out to be? Does Sherry Turkle spend endless hours on her mobile phone? 3) Generally, what potential article themes or focal points deserving of further conversation do you find in the perusing? Potential paper subjects I find in the readings are how innovation has a major impact in our lives? Where might we be if innovation didn't exist? Without innovation, how might training end up being? For what reason do individuals depend such a great amount on innovation?

Definition and Examples of Lexicogrammar

Definition and Examples of Lexicogrammar Lexicogrammar is a term utilized in fundamental utilitarian semantics (SFL) to underline the reliance ofand coherence betweenvocabulary (lexis) and language structure (sentence structure). The term lexicogrammar (truly, dictionary in addition to punctuation) was presented by language specialist M.A.K. Halliday. Modifier: lexicogrammatical. Likewise, called lexical language structure. The approach of corpus etymology, notes Michael Pearce, has made the ID of lexicogrammatical designs a lot simpler than it used to be (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). Models and Observations Jargon and linguistic structures are reliant; to such an extent that it is conceivable to state with some legitimization that words have their own language structure. This interdependency of lexis and syntax is clear wherever in language. For instance, lexical action words have valency designs: a few action words can be utilized with an immediate item (I made some stove gloves), or with both an immediate article and a roundabout item (The legislature granted them a compensation rise), others need no item by any means (The Colonel was laughing). (Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007)The heart of language is the theoretical degree of coding that is the lexicogrammar. (I see no motivation behind why we ought not hold the term punctuation in this, its conventional sense; the reason for presenting the more unwieldy term lexicogrammar is basically to make unequivocal the point that jargon is likewise a piece of it, alongside language struc ture and morphology). (M.A.K. Halliday, Systemic Background, 1985. On Language and Linguistics. Continuum, 2003) [A]ccording to foundational practical hypothesis, lexicogrammar is expanded into a metafunctional range, stretched out in delicacy from sentence structure to lexis, and requested into a progression of positioned units. (M.A.K. Halliday, Hallidays Introduction to Functional Grammar, fourth ed., modified by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. Routledge, 2013)[L]exico-language is presently truly in vogue, however it doesn't coordinate the two sorts of example as its name would suggestit is on a very basic level syntax with a specific measure of consideration regarding lexical examples inside the linguistic systems; it isn't in any sense an endeavor to construct together a sentence structure and lexis on an equivalent basis...Lexico-punctuation is still solidly a sort of sentence structure, bound, or maybe spiked with some lexis. (John Sinclair, Trust the Text: Language, Corpus and Discourse, altered with Ronald Carter. Routledge, 2004) Lexicogrammar and Semantics Similarly as lexis and sentence structure are considered to frame a solitary layer, Halliday thinks about that the lexicogrammar is anything but a different framework or module separated from semantics, yet is somewhat a hidden segment of the importance making arrangement of a language. The layer of semantics is along these lines not thought of as a theoretical or intelligent structure, yet rather as the medium through which people use language to associate in their social and social setting. A result of this is the language, and specifically the lexicogrammar, is organized by the expressive and open capacities it has advanced to pass on.  (Christopher Gledhill, A Lexicogrammar Approach to Checking Quality: Looking at One or Two Cases of Comparative Translation. Points of view on Translation Quality, ed. by Ilse Depraetere. Walter de Gruyter, 2011) Lexicogrammar and Corpus Linguistics Speculations on the structure of language reveal to us minimal about how individuals really utilize the language, and thusly how a language truly is. The examples of auxiliary and lexical conduct are not uncovered by the language specialists contemplation or from a couple of models picked to fit the example. This is the end that inexorably is being drawn from a developing group of etymological research on huge PC corpora or databases. It is just when we come to explore a language from tests of a huge number of expressions of running content that we can truly start to see how words and structures act and interact...A hypothesis of language or a model of a specific language . . . needs to represent use as validated by corpus semantic research. On the off chance that such a hypothesis implies to offer ascent to language portrayal, it must can possibly fuse the fancies and eccentricities of lexicogrammatical conduct and the cryptotypical wonders which are revealed by the perception of la nguage use on a fundamentally bigger scale. (Gordon H. Exhaust, The Lexicogrammar of Adjectives: A Systemic Functional Approach to Lexis. Continuum, 1998) Interchange Spellings: lexico-punctuation

MLA Citation Templates Easy Infographic for Students

MLA Citation Templates Easy Infographic for Students (57) To see our full infographics collection,  click here. We understand that it can be difficult (and sometimes confusing!) for students to piece together their MLA citations. Thats why we created an MLA format citation template for you to share, distribute, and/or post for your students. This infographic helps your students properly cite books, websites, online videos, online journal articles, and digital images in MLA format. While there are other variations for these citations, this template reflects the most common way to cite these source types. Whether you decide to use this in conjunction with a research project, place it on display in your classroom as a visual reference, or print it out so students can store it in their binders or notebooks is up to you. The possibilities are endless. We want your students to be responsible researchers, who acknowledge the work of original authors, which in turn prevents plagiarism. Hopefully, this template makes it easier for your students to achieve this goal. Citing in other styles? No problem! We also have citation tools and guides for APA format and Chicago style.

Nursing Care Issues and the Frail Elderly Dementia Essay

Walking into the room hearing the conversation could not be helped. Two elderly patients were conversing, one was talking about experiences in World War II and the other was listening intently. When questioned as to what they were discussing and why, the answer received was one that surprised and saddened. The patient telling the story explained â€Å"Sometimes my friend forgets all about the past, so I sit here and tell my stories and then it helps my friend remember.† The other patient replied â€Å"that is right, there are days I just can’t remember anything and my friend here†¦.remembers everything and tells me all about it†. The second patient suffers from Alzheimer’s disease a form of dementia and apparently today is not a ‘good’ days.†¦show more content†¦However, when the writer asked the patient how old the patient was the reply received was simply â€Å"I am forty-one years old.† This woman, who was so funn y, so bright and so intelligent, could not remember her age, or where she grew up. She could definitely remember the conversation she had with the evening nurse when she was told she would not be able to have a shower the next day. She remembered for certain that she did not like that lady! She could not remember where her hearing aids were put or what she had for dinner the night before when she was at her son’s home, but she remembered going there for the evening. As a student nurse learning the processes of caring for individuals, caring for a client with dementia is a particular challenge. A nurse with knowledge of not only the clients’ medical history but also their personal history is better equipped to individualize care for that client. (Serio, 2011, p.19) According to the RNAO Best Practice Guidelines on Caregiving Strategies for Older Adults with Delirium, Dementia and Depression; â€Å"Nurses should know their clients, recognize their retained abilities, understand the impact of the environment, and relate effectively when tailoring and implementing their caregiving strategies.† (Registered Nursing Association of Ontario, 2004, p. 54) Quite often as a caregiver to a person with dementiaShow MoreRelatedElder Abuse and Nursing Ethics1802 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Elder abuse and nursing ethics Introduction Given the aging of the population, elder abuse has become more a prevalent and a more serious issue in recent years. Every year, an estimated 4 million older Americans are victims of physical, psychological or other forms of abuse and neglect. Those statistics may not tell the whole story. For every case of elder abuse and neglect reported to authorities, experts estimate as many as 23 cases go undetected (Elder abuse and neglect, 2013, APA report:Read MoreThe Loss Of Bladder Tissue953 Words   |  4 PagesIncontienence in elderlies is mainly cause by the decrease strength of bladder tissue. Study has found that â€Å"Aging results in some common bladder changes, such as decrease bladder capacity and bladder elasticity, increased spontaneous detrusor contractions, and decreased ability to postpone micturition, causing more frequent voiding† ( scemons, pg54 2013). Although many elderly experience UI, some particular groups are more at risk than others. First UI is â€Å"mo re common in people living in nursing home thanRead MoreEssay on Neglect of the Elderly1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Neglect of the Elderly With the growing number of senior citizens in our expanding society, abuse and neglect of the elderly is a widespread issue in our society. Neglect can come in many ugly forms and can be quite horrifying when actually investigated. When we as a society fail to meet the needs of our senior community we are only creating a perhaps dreadful prelude to our own inevitable destiny. Elder neglect is the failure to fulfill obligations to a senior citizen. AccordingRead MoreLack of Exercise May Cause Falls in the Elderly1903 Words   |  8 PagesLack of Exercise May Cause Falls in the Elderly Problem Section Falls are a major source of death and injury in elderly people. For example, they cause 90% of hip fractures and the current cost of hip fractures in the US is estimated to be about 10 billion dollars (Kato, Izumi, Hiramatsu, Shogenji, 2006). Ensuring patient safety is one of the main reasons given for use of restraints. However, according to Jech (2006), the use of physical restraints is unlikely to prevent falls. Physical restraintsRead MoreEvaluation Of Pharmacist Impact On Antipsychotic And Benzodiazepine Utilization During Veterans With Dementia1700 Words   |  7 Pagesveterans with dementia Purpose: It has been well established that use of Antipsychotics (APs) and Benzodiazepines (BZDs) in the elderly population is associated with increased incidence of adverse effects including sedation, falls, and cognitive impairment. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) introduced the Psychotropic Drug Safety Initiative (PDSI) to improve evidence-based psychotropic drug prescribing for Veterans with mental illness. This initiative aims to address possible issues with pharmacotherapyRead MoreThe Issue Of Elderly Abuse1957 Words   |  8 PagesExperts believe that for every case of elder abuse or neglect reported, as many as 23 cases go unreported† (World Elder Abuse Awareness Day). The issue of elderly abuse is a growing topic in our country because it violates three specific articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Elderly abuse and neglect is an increasing age discrimination issue in the United States and violates the human rights to an adequate standard o f living, equal protection under the law, and the right to be freeRead MoreGERIATRIC ASSESSMENT: MALNUTRITION989 Words   |  4 Pagessocio-economic problems, but can also be a cause of physiological and psychological dysfunctions. Proper nursing assessment in the elderly should be applied in order to identify and address this problem. In this paper I would like to focus on two main points of geriatric assessment – physiologic and psychosocial. There are two categories of factors that can contribute to malnutrition in the elderly population. Physiological factors include chewing or swallowing disorders, cardiac insufficiency, respiratoryRead MorePrevention of Fall in Mental Health1510 Words   |  7 Pagesolder people with dementia. In this assignment, I shall reflect upon my experience from my practice placement, where I was involved in the reduction of fall as a therapeutic intervention in order to minimise the injuries related to fall. In my conclusion, I shall include recommendation in relating to reducing a fall in older people with dementia. During my clinical placement, I had the chance to realise the complexity surrounding the assesses of falls in older people with dementia. Reducing a fallRead MoreA Study On My Clinical Placement Essay3175 Words   |  13 Pagesclinical placement, it was my first encounter to see a wide array of elderly population. My preceptor oriented me about the common medical diagnosis of the residents and told me that most of them have Dementia. Personally, I am not familiar in handling this kind of condition since it is not my field of expertise. I have an idea that it is not a disease but rather a manifestation of symptoms that affect mental task and reasoning of an elderly contributing to an inability to function independently. FurthermoreRead MoreOral Hygiene for People with Dementia Essay2192 Words   |  9 Pagesfor adults with Dementia -Introduction- The purpose of this essay is to discuss a clinical skill or nursing action by referring to the nursing and allied health literature to explain and support evidence based practice. The skill I wish to examine is the practice of oral hygiene for adults with dementia in residential aged care facilities. In this essay I aim to provide the reader with adequate references to support the best practice for oral hygiene for people with dementia. -Evidence

Why College Athletes Should Be Compensated - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1579 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/30 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Did you like this example? Why College Athletes Should get Paid In the course of recent decades, school sports have increased gigantic notoriety over the United States. Regardless of whether it be football, ball, or hockey, as far back as the turn of the century, collegiate games have received an excess of income to their particular Universities, and in addition expanding the prevalence of the Colleges notoriety. For instance, in an examination led by the Orland Sentient Nel, it was assessed that the University of Texas Athletic Program had the most astounding income of some other University at $120,288,370. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why College Athletes Should Be Compensated?" essay for you Create order However, with this huge aggregate of cash, no school competitors are lawfully adjusted for their work. As per NCAA rules, You are not qualified for cooperation in a game on the off chance that you have ever: Taken pay, or the guarantee of pay, for contending in that sport (NCAA Regulations 1). Because of this law, not exclusively are school competitors experiencing issues in satisfying their school educational cost, yet in addition numerous competitors are being paid under the table through illegal businesses. These beginner competitors have no motivating force to remain in school and complete their particular degrees, the same number of cant bear to pay for the costly school involvement. While many contend that school competitors shouldnt be paid as they are simply novices speaking to their schools, competitors must be paid to help the authenticity of school. Collegiate Athletes should be compensated for revenue they bring in. Competitors bring in revenue to the schools, help the recruiting trail, and scholars come up short whether its academically, housing, or food. On the contrary, people are saying athletes have an advantage, those who earn their degrees with help of scholarships over their peers who dont play sports. Many graduate without a dime of debt opposing to the non-athletes bombarded with loans and landing their careers. Others say students should suck it up and look at their full ride as a vehicle through college. Understudy competitors ought to be made up for their work, as they are the sole explanation behind the Athletic Programs surplus in income. These competitors are buckling down and getting cash to the University consistently yet arent remunerated with any fiscal esteem. These competitors are working for the schools and are completing a support of the school that appears to go unnoticed. This absence of pay isnt seen anyplace else in the work put and shouldnt be seen here. Some even contend, School competitors are being abused by their schools, which make a large number of dollars off of intercollegiate games (Compensation for College Athletes). Schools are utilizing these competitors to help their separate notorieties and acquire income while not repaying these competitors for their work. Wherever else competitors are paid, so is there any valid reason why college shouldnt understudies as well? A few pundits may contend that these understudy competitors are novices, and whenever paid at that point are getting to be proficient competitors. This announcement can be effectively discredited, be that as it may, as novice is an extremely wide and disputable term. Hockey players a piece of the AHL (Amateur Hockey League) are viewed as novices yet are made up for their work. Characterizing College competitors as novices makes another issue notwithstanding not being paid by the University: competitors cant advance themselves. The NCAA states understudy competitors will be novices and should be shielded from misuse by expert and business ventures (Paying College Athletes). In any case, with this announcement it appears that schools and colleges are the substance that misuses them (Paying College Athletes). In any case, not exclusively does $2,000 grain take care of instructive expenses, particularly if not on grant, but rather the NCAA isnt enabling understudy competitors to advance themselves. Additionally, with all the time rehearsing and working in the classroom, what number of competitors have sufficient energy to really l and a position? In all actuality, they are as of now working by performing on the court, field, or arena. In a narrative led by ESPN entitled Fab Five, one of the school ball players for the University of Michigan stated, that It was difficult to see his shirt in the stands and realizing that simply his number was on it, not his name. He later proceeds to state that he wasnt accepting any cash from it despite the fact that Adidas was advancing his pullover! This Michigan Basketball player at that point proceeds to state that he couldnt bear the cost of the shirt that his fans were wearing. He needed to purchase a pullover for his mother, however couldnt bear the cost of it. Within the statistics coachrs salaries are soaring yearly especially at the winningest and popular programs across the country. Another contention that underpins paying school competitors, is that these full-ride grants given to the best competitors dont really cover every one of their costs. Numerous competitors still cant stand to have their folks gone to the stadium and watch the amusements. For instance, in 2010, Duke ball players were esteemed at $1,025,656 while living only $732 over the destitution line and a grant shortage of $1,995 (The Price of Poverty in Big Time College Sports). With most of the regard and attention of these competitors, it goes unnoticed that a lot of the players live extremely close to the neediness line. Because of this absence of cash, bootleg trades are made. Here, sponsors that speak to the University give these players vehicles, burning through cash, or anything they genuinely need, and consequently, these players go to their particular University. There have been numerous occasions of this treachery previously, yet one conspicuous precedent is that of Reggie Bush, the running back for the University of Southern California from 2003-2005. Bramble was paid by supporters to go to USC, which damaged NCAA rules. Bramble was vigorously reprimanded when the infringement were uncovered and needed to restore his Heisman trophy. While Bush activities were unmistakably wrong and him restoring the Heisman trophy was justified, its extreme to give him much feedback. At the time, Bush didnt originate from much riches and even with a full-ride football grant, he couldnt cover the majority of his costs. Shrubs mom was experiencing difficulty paying rent, so a supporter at USC offered to pay for his moms loft in Pasadena. Shrubbery felt committed to take this offer, as there was no other method to profit and pay for his moms condo. In the event that Bush were paid for his support in the NCAA, Bush would have gone to any University he would so please. These sponsors activities are unlawful, as well as make an unevenness in rivalry among the NCAA. These colleges that damage NCAA rules have an upper edge in enlisting top prospects. Schools are then enticed to damage such precludes to even the playing field. The last and the most imperative motivation to pay school competitors, is that it will guarantee that most school competitors will finish their advanced educations. Paying understudy competitors would give competitors a motivating force to remain in school and finish their degree programs, rather than leaving ahead of schedule for the expert alliances (Should Student-Athletes Get Paid?). On the off chance that competitors are paid to play, not exclusively would they be able to cover a portion of their school costs that grants couldnt cover, yet additionally now they will need to complete their training. NCAA prides itself on all understudy competitors are understudies first and competitors second, in any case, it appears that more prevalent competitors leave ahead of schedule for the experts. In school basketball, numerous first year recruit stars are alluded to as one and done players as they finish one year of school and go to the expert groups right on time, as they need cash and need it as quickly as time permits. The significance of their training is lost. The University is by all accounts deceptive in its activities when it doesnt pay its competitors, since it appears, they bolster school competitors leaving for the Professional alliance early. As per the article Should Student-Athletes Get Paid? A colleges essential goal is to furnish its understudies with a quality instruction that sets them up to work on the planet instead of in school. However, without paying competitors, colleges leave their understudies with no other alternative yet to not graduate and withdrawal following a semester or a year to meet their budgetary commitments. Strategically, it should be exceptionally basic for the colleges to remunerate their understudy competitors. One creator proposes th at each college pays a similar level rate to every school competitor for a long time, at that point offer a raise to senior competitors. This reward will make that motivating force for understudies to get their degrees. While it might appear to be odd and unreasonable to pay school competitors, pay of such competitors is a need not exclusively to keep rivalry at an unfaltering dimension in school sports, yet additionally to urge understudies to graduate and get their professional educations. The reality of the situation is that numerous school competitors are as of now being paid under the table which makes a bootleg market that isnt just unlawful, but on the other hand is unreasonable to colleges that keep NCAA controls. Colleges are misusing these understudies and permitting them not to get any income that they unmistakably earned. Competitors should be compensated for the revenue they bring in and scholarships just isnt enough regarding academics, housing, and food.

Aplaying for a job Free Essays

As a secondly point, would you mind telling me hat sort of Jobs I am applying for, why the employers there should select me for an interview? Does the enterprise happen to know where the Job listing for Florida Is?. Although, Would I like you help me with my accommodation and give me some information where I can find a good place with a reasonable price, How much will It be cost?. Shall I ask them to send me the link or pictures of the apartment to review or that’s too much to ask for? I also wonder If you could tell me the cost of fight will be Included In the bill. We will write a custom essay sample on Aplaying for a job or any similar topic only for you Order Now A final and very Important point Is what shall I do tog my ark permit? Loud you possibly sent the completely Information with all of the requirement about It. It Is my goal to combine my range of experience which I have gotten In different sort of Jobs with my ability to be an enthusiastic, Intelligent student who will make a positive contribution to your agency. I would welcome an Interview and hope to hear from you at your earnest convenience. Best Regards Marilyn Gonzalez. Playing for a job By Mattress -r: +8683701245 Firstly, I am interested in applying for a student’s Jobs in the USA that you have interview? Does the enterprise happen to know where the Job listing for Florida is?. Or that’s too much to ask for? I also wonder if you could tell me the cost of fight will be included in the bill. A final and very important point is what shall I do to get my work permit? Could you possibly sent the completely information with all of the requirement about it. It is my goal to combine my range of experience which I have gotten in different sort of Jobs with my ability to be an enthusiastic, intelligent interview and hope to hear from you at your earliest convenience. How to cite Aplaying for a job, Papers

Cognitive Learning Theory free essay sample

Cognitive Learning Theory Psychology of Learning PSY 331 October 12, 2009 Abstract Cognitive learning theories emerged in the mid-1900s and were a dramatic departure from the behaviorist learning theories so popular at the time. The advent of the computer also contributed to the emergence of cognitive theories of learning because computers provided the first means to metaphorically conceptualize human cognition (Bates, 1999). Cognitive learning theories are based on the assumption that the student is an active learner, that the student actively processes information. These theories emphasize internal processing of information and material to which a student is exposed. Processing include receiving information, processing it and storing it for subsequent recall. The three names most often associated with cognitive learning theories are Bruner, Ausubel and Gagne. These recognized authorities emphasized different aspects of cognitive learning. Bruner emphasized categorization and developing a general concept from examples. Ausubel emphasized reception of information and the need to link that to prior learning. Ausubel gave us the advanced organizer. Gagne looked at the steps or events in learning; he viewed learning as a series of steps. This essay also provides an outline of the key elements in cognitive learning theory. Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive learning theories are concerned with the processes that go on inside the brain as a person learns, i. e. , the internal processing of information (Bates, 1999; Cooper, 2005). These theories are based on the perspectives that students actively process information and that learning ccurs when students organize that information, store it and then find relationships between information, linking new to old knowledge, schema, and scripts (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). The major premise in the cognitive school is that humans take in information from their environment through their senses and then process the information mentally (Epsychlopedia, 2000). Mental processing involves the acts of organizing the information, manipulating it to gain greater understanding, storing the new information in the memory and then relating this new information to information that is already stored in the memory (Epsychlopedia, 2000). Cooper (2005) explained: Contemporary research regarding cognitive learning theories has focused on information procession, memory, metacognition, theories of transfer, computer simulations, artificial intelligence, mathematical learning models. These theories were a departure from the behaviorist model, the movement from behaviorism to cognitivism was called the cognitive revolution (Bates, 1999). The advent of the computer also contributed to this movement because computers provided a means to metaphorically conceptualize human cognition (Bates, 1999). As Bates (1999) explains this turnaround in language, stimulus became inputs; response became outputs, and what occurred in between was information processing. There are three theorists most commonly associated with cognitive learning theories: Jerome Bruner, David Ausubel and Robert Gagne (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). Cognitive learning theories are diverse and each of these theorists emphasized different aspects, however, they were all recognized as authorities in their fields (Cooper, 2005; NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). Bruner promoted discovery learning, which complemented Piagets stages of cognitive development (NSW HSC Online, n. . ). He believed teaching and learning needed to include concrete, pictorial then symbolic activities (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). This, he said, would lead to more effective learning experiences (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). Bruners work also focused on categorization and concept formation (Cooper, 2005). Bruners hands-on approach is along the lines of the construct ivist approach to learning (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). Discovery learning is about leading the student to learn and discover for them selves (University of Natal, 2005). The teacher helps guide the student toward discovery and learning (University of Natal, 2005). Ausubel discussed the differences between rote learning, meaningful learning and the active nature of learning (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). Ausubel also emphasized prior learning and initiated a learning tool called the advanced organizer (Cooper, 2005). The advanced organizer has its foundation in Gestalt psychology, which taught that information is learned by understanding how information fits together, how it interrelates, and how it is organized (Bates, 1999). Ausubel discussed expository and comparative organizers (Bates, 1999). The expository advanced organizer focused on new material emphasizing general concepts; the comparative advanced organized emphasize material the student already knows (Bates, 1999). One of the major differences between Bruner and Ausubel was that Bruner emphasized inductive learning, using specific observations or examples to determine the general rule or concept, and Ausubel emphasized deductive reasoning, learning a general rule or principle and then applying that to examples (University of Natal, 2005). Both emphasized meaningful learning but said this could only be achieved through different approaches (University of Natal, 2005). For Bruner, that was discovery, and for Ausubel, it was meaningful reception, which means that something like a concept can only become meaningful if it is linked to something already known (University of Natal, 2005). Gagne may be most famous for his task analysis and sequencing ideas (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). His suggested sequence for learning anything included: aining the attention of the learner, telling the learner the objective of the task, stimulating recall of prior learning, presenting the new material to be learned, providing guidance for learning, eliciting performance, providing feedback regarding corrections needed, assessing performance and then enhancing retention and recall (NSW HSC Online, n. d. ). Gagne saw learning and instruction as a series of phases, using the cognitive steps of coding, storing, retrieving and transferring informati on (Cooper, 2005). Some of the key concepts of the cognitive theory of learning are: * Â ·The learner is active in processing information (University of Natal, 2005). * Â ·Schema. This is an internal knowledge structure. It means the person compares new information to existing cognitive structures, which are called schema. The schema is then changed in some way to accept and accommodate the new information (Mergel, 1998). * Â ·Three-Stage Information Processing Model. Information enters the sensory register, which means the individual receives information from their senses. This only lasts a few seconds before it is replaced. The information may be sent to the short-term memory where it remains for about 20 seconds. It might stay longer if the person rehearses that bit of information. The greatest amount that can be retained in short-term memory is about 7 items. If information is categorized or put into chunks, such as a telephone number, it can be retained in short-term memory longer. The information then goes to long-term memory and storage, which has unlimited capacity. Rote memorization can move information into long-term memory. However, it is the deeper levels of information processing that retain information, such as making links between old and new information or, as mentioned earlier, by categorizing (Mergel, 1998). Meaningful Effects. Any information that is meaningful to a person is easier to learn and retain. Also, if the learner can link the new information to a prior schema that is meaningful, it will be easier to learn and remember (Mergel, 1998). Serial Position Effects. The position of the information makes it easier or harder to learn and remember. For instance, the items on a list that are at the beginning or end will be easier to remember (Mergel, 1998). Practice Effects. Practicing and rehearsing information increases retention of that information (Mergel, 1998). Transfer Effects. Prior learning has an impact on new learning (Mergel, 1998). Organization Effects. When information is categorized, it is easier to learn and remember (Mergel, 1998). Mnemonic Effects. These are strategies we use to remember little bits of information, it is a way of categorizing what may have little meaning to something that is more meaningful.